![]() Over the past three decades, the use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has grown and it is now the most commonly applied method of surface analysis. 1– 4 The nature and causes of poor reproducibility appear to have many sources, but among them is the availability of a growing suite of automated or semi-automated experimental and computational tools in many research projects. 1 Although such problems are generally thought to exist mainly in clinical or psychological studies, there is evidence that there are significant issues related to reproducibility and replication in most areas of science including those of importance to the American Vacuum Society (AVS). More than half of the scientists responding to a survey that was published in 2016 indicated that there was a “significant reproducibility crisis” in science and another 38 % indicated that there was a slight reproducibility crisis. ![]()
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